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Thanks Shahin for this interesting analysis. Could you explain why a focus on energy efficiency would mean a stronger reliance on CCUS? I find this idea surprising - because lower energy demand due to higher efficiency would actually make the achievement of climate targets easier, and potentially lessen the need for largely untested CCUS technologies?

Furthermore, did you ever think about the compatibility of CBAM with WTO rules in the absence of a meaningful internal carbon price? To the extent that I read the literature (e.g. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/designing-border-carbon-adjustments-for-enhanced-climate-action/BF4266550F09E5E4A7479E09C047B984 ) it is imperative that any CBAM would not clash with WTO rules, which might be challenging in the absence of an explicit C price.

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